ورزش همگانی (ضرورت، موانع و راهکارها)

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار دانشکده تربیت بدنی ، دانشگاه تهران

2 استادیار دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه

3 استادیار تربیت بدنی ، دانشگاه خوارزمی

چکیده

برای حفظ سلامت و نشاط آحاد جامعه ضروری است زمینه‌های لازم برای همگانی کردن ورزش در کشور فراهم آید. این امر به‌طور مکرر توسط مسئولان کشور در همه سطوح مورد تأکید قرار گرفته است. مقاله حاضر چارچوبی را برای بررسی موانع و راهکارهای ارتقای ورزش همگانی در ایران از‌نظر مدیران و متخصصان امر (تعداد نمونه) فراهم می‌آورد و برخی راه‌حل‌ها و راهبردهای موفق مورد استفاده توسط سایر کشورها را برای رفع این موانع ارائه می‌کند. نتایج حاصل از پرسش‌نامه‌های طراحی شده در مقاله حاضر نشان می‌دهد از بین راهکارهای مربوط به ساختار تشکیلاتی و وضع قوانین و مقررات، سه راهکار مشخص کردن شرح وظایف تمام سازمان‌ها و نهادهای دست‌اندرکار ورزش همگانی، اتحاد و یکپارچگی بین سازمان‌های دست‌اندرکار ورزش خصوصی همگانی در کشور و فراهم کردن زمینه‌های ورود بخش خصوصی به ورزش همگانی دارای بالاترین اولویت بودند. از بین راهکارهای مربوط به آموزش همگانی و رسانه‌ای سه راهکار انتقال پیام‌ها از طریق رسانه‌های مختلف و اطلاع‌رسانی از طریق صداوسیما، استفاده از ایده‌های نوآورانه و جذاب برای گسترش ورزش همگانی و ترغیب مردم به کاهش استفاده از خودرو؛ و در میان راهکارهای مربوط به نیروی انسانی، دو راهکار بهره‌گیری از نیروهای داوطلب در توسعه ورزش همگانی و تربیت کارشناسان و مدیران حرفه‌ای در ورزش همگانی و در میان راهکارهای مربوط به زیرساخت‌ها، سه راهکار طراحی شهری با رویکرد گسترش ورزش همگانی، احداث اماکن ورزشی، پارک‌ها و فضاهای باز  و تجهیز آنها با وسایل ورزشی و تفریحی و حمایت مالی دولت و پرداخت یارانه، بالاترین اولویت را به‌خود اختصاص دادند. از بین راهکارهای فرهنگی و اجتماعی، دو راهکار از بین بردن باورهای غلط درباره پرداختن بانوان به ورزش و تغییر نگرش رهبران دینی و مدیران دینی و مدیران ارشد کشور به ورزش، از بالاترین اولویت برخوردار بودند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Barriers and Solutions to the Sport for all in Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Shahbazi 1
  • Keyvan Shaabani Moghaddam 2
  • Marjan Safari 3
1
2
3
چکیده [English]

It is essential to prepare necessary grounds for institutionalizing sport for
all in the Iranian society for the Public health and vitality that it is
frequently emphasized by the officials of different ranks.
This paper tries to provide a framework for the study of barriers
and solutions intended to develop sport for all in Iran from the
viewpoint of the concerned directors and experts based on Friedman
analysis of data. It also seeks to propose successful solutions used by
other countries to remove these barriers.
The outcome of this study based on the analyses gained from the
questionnaires designed for this purpose indicates out of the solutions
related to the organizational structure and institutional rules, three
solutions had the highest priority as follows:
1. Elaborating job description of all organizations and institutions
involved in sport for all,
2. Improving an integrated coordination among the relevant institutions,
3. Paving the way for enabling private sector to get involved in the
sport for all.
The best solutions for the media and public education include:
a) Transmission of messages through different media and coverage
of such information through IRIB,
b) Using interactive and innovative ideas to develop sport for all
c) Encouraging the public to use cars less.
Utilizing volunteers to promote the sport is the most effective
strategy for human resources.
In the field of infrastructures, three prominent strategies are
offered as follows:
1. Urban design with the aim of sport development,
2. Construction of sport facilities, parks, urban open spaces
(recreational spaces) equipped with sports and recreational facilities,
3. Government funding and support of subsidies programs.
The following two cultural and social solutions were also
prioritized as follows:
1. Removing misconceptions against sharing women in sport,
2. Changing attitudes of the officials and religious leaders toward the sport.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Sport for All
  • Barriers
  • Solutions

مراجع

1. برنامه راهبردی فدراسیون ورزش‌های همگانی (1390). فدراسیون ورزش همگانی.
2. دهستانی، مجتبی، احمد محمودی، داوود حومینیان و مصطفی خانزاده (1390). «بررسی و اولویت‌بندی انگیزه‌های مشارکت شهر تهران در ورزش‌های تفریحی و همگانی»، مجموعه مقالات همایش ملی تفریحات ورزشی.
3. سازمان تربیت بدنی (1381). طرح اجمالی سند جامع ورزش کشور.
4. بررسی وضعیت ورزش همگانی در ایران و توصیه‌هایی برای توسعه آن (1378). طرح تحقیقاتی دانشگاه ارومیه.
5. کاشف، میرمحمد و محسن عراقی (1390). «چالش‌های پیش روی ورزش همگانی و تفریحی در ایران و راهبردهای آن». مجموعه مقالات همایش ملی تفریحات سالم.
6. Alexandris, K. and Carroll, B. (1997). “Demographic Differences in the Perception of Constraints on Recreational Sport Participation: Results from a Study in Greece”, Leisure Studies, Vol. 16 No. 2.
7. Black C, A. Collins and M. Snell (2001). “Encouraging Walking: The Case of Journey-to-Schooltrips in Compact Urban Areas”, Urban Stud 38.
8. Brownson, R. C. and et al. (2000).“Patterns and Correlates of Physical Activity Among US Women 40 Years and Older”, American Journal of Public Health, 90.
9. Buckworth, J. and R. K. Dishman (2002). Determinants of Exercise and Psychological Activity.Exercise Psychology, Champaign: Human Kinetics.
10. Bull FC and et al. (2004). “Developments in National Physical Activity Policy: an International Review and Recommendations Towards Better Practice”. JSciMed Sport, 1(7).
11. Caspersen,C and et al.(2000).”Changes in Physical Activity Patterns in the United States by Sex and Cross-Sectional Age”, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32 (9).
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2003). What are Active Community Environments? Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ nccdphp/dnpa /aces.htm. Accessed March 31.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1999). Neighborhood Safety and the Prevalence of Physical Activityselected States 1996, MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep, 47.
14. Coakley, J. (2003). Sport in Society, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
15. Cockerill, I. (1995).“Self-esteem Development Through Participation in Physical Activity. Employee Counseling Today”, 7,7.
16. Community Preventive Services (2002). “Recommendations to Increase Physical Activity in Communities”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22(4S).
17. Davidson, F. (2007).“Childhood Obesity Prevention and Physical Activity in Schools”, Health Education, 107, 4.
18. Davidson K.K. and C. Lawson (2006).“Do Attributes of the Physical Environment Influencechildren’s Level of Physical Activity?”International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and PhysicalActivity, 3 (19).
19. Daugbjerg,S and et al. (2009).“Promotion of Physical Activity in the European Region: Content Analysis of 27 National Policy Documents”, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6.
20. Demir, C. (2005). “Perceived Significance of Factors Influencing Leisure Participation by Gender, Implications for Turkey”, Leisure/Loisir, 29(l).
21. Dobbins, M., K. De Corby, P. Robeson, H. Husson, and D. Tirilis, (2009). “Schoolbased Physical Activity Programs for Promoting Physical Activity and Fitness in Children and Adolescents Aged 6-18”. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, (1),CD007651.
22. Edwards, Peggy., D. Tsouros, Agis (2008). A Healthy City is an Active City, WHO Regional Office for Europe.
23. Farrell, R. J., P. R. E., Crocker, M. H. McDonough, W. A. Sedgwick, (2004).”The Driving Force: Motivation in Special Olympics”, Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 21.
24. Fox, K.V.(1999).“The Influence of Physical Activity on Mental Wellbeing, Public Health Nutrition”, 2: 3A.
25. Gauvin, Lisa and et al. (2005) “From Walkability to Active Living Potential – An “Ecometric” Validation Study”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28, no. 2.
26. Gilson, N. D., C. B. Cooke, C. A. Mahoney (2005). “Adolescent Physical Self-perceptions, Sport/exercise and Lifestyle Physical Activity”, Health Education, 105.
27. Heinmann, K.(2005). Sport and the Welfare State in Europe, European College of Sport Science.
28. Ilkkaracan, P. (2001). “Islam and Women's Sexuality: A Research Report from Turkey”, In M. Hunt, P. B. Jung, and R. Balakrishnan (Eds.), Good Sex: Feminist Perspectives fiom the World's Religions, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
29. James, W. P. T. (2006). “The Challenge of Childhood Obesity”, International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 1.
30. Johnson, C. A., S. A. Corrigan, P. M. Dubbert, and S. E. Gramling (1990). “Perceived Barriers to Exercise and Weight Control Practices in Community Women”, In Women and Health, Vol. 16, No. 3-4.
31. Jones, L. (1998).“Inequality in Access to Local Environments: The Experiences of Asian Andnon-asian Girls”, Health Educ J;57.
32. Kaczynski, A., and K.A. Henderson (2007). “Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity: A Review of Evidence about Parks and Recreation”, Leisure Sciences, 29.
33. Klinenberg, E. (2002). Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
34. Kocac,S and et al. (2002). “Physical Activity Level, Sport Participation and Parental Education Level in Turkish Junior High School Students”, Pediatric Exercise Science.
35. Kulakac, O, K. Buldukoglu, M. Yilmaz, and S. Alkan (2006).“An Analysis of the Motherhood Concept in Employed Women in South Turkey”, Social Behaviour and Personality, 34.
36. Lee, I. M. and P. J. Skerrett (2001).“Physical Activity and All-cause Mortality: What is the Dose-response Relation? "Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33.
37. Malina, R. M. and B. B. Little (2008).“Physical Activity: the Present in the Context of the Past”, American Journal of Human Biology, 20.
38. Myers, L., P.K. Strickmiller, L.S. Webber, and G.S. Berenson (1996). “Physical and Sedentary Activity in School Children Grades 5-8: The Bogalusa Heart Study”, Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 28.
39. Naylor, P. J. and H. A. McKay (2009). “Prevention in the First Place: Schools a Setting for Action on Physical Inactivity”, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(1).
40. Physical Activity and Health in Europe (2006). Evidence for Action. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Denmark.
41. Promoting Physical Activity and Active Living in Urban Environments: the Role of Local Governments. The Solid Facts, Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2006 (http:// www.euro.who.int/document/e89498.pdf).
42. Role of Local Governments in Promoting Physical Activity and Active Living, Bursa, Turkey (2005): Report on a WHO Consultation, Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2006.
43. Ross, C. E., and J. Mirowsky (2001). “Neighborhood Disadvantage, Disorder and Health”, In Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 42, No. 3.
44. Sallis JF, N. Owen Ecological Models. In: Glanz K, Lewis FM and Rimer BK, ed., Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research and Practice, 2nd ed. San Francisco, Cal: Jossey-Bass.
45. _____ Physical Activity and Behavioral Medicine, London: Sage Publications.
46. Sallis, JF and et al. (1998). “Environmental and Policy Interventions to Promote Physical Activity”, Am J Prev Med, 15(4).Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc., 1999.
47. Sallis, J.F., J.J. Prochaska, and W.C.Taylor (2000). “A Review of Correlates of Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32.
48. Schopper D, JD, Lormand, and R. Waxweiler eds. (2006). Developing Policies to Prevent Injuries and Violence: Guidelines for Policy-makers and Planners, Geneva: World Health Organization.
49. Scheerder, J., M. Thomis, B. Vanreusel, J. Lefevre, R. Renson, B. Van Den Eyende, and G. P. Beunen (2006). “Sports Participation Among Females From Adolescence to Adulthood: a Longitudinal Study”, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 41(3).
50. Sjostrom, M. and et al. (2006).“Health-enhancing Physical Activity Across European Union Countries: the Eurobarometer Study”, Journal of Public Health, 14.
51. Strong WB, RM. Malina, CJ. Blimkie, SR. Daniels, RK. Dishman, Hergenroeder AC. Gutin, A. Must, PA. Nixon, JM. Pivarnik, T. Rowland, S. Trost and F. Trudeau (2005).“Evidence Based Physical Activity for School-age Uouth”, J Pediatr, 146.
52. Stodolska, M., and J. S. Livengood (2006). “The Influence of Religion on the Leisure Behavior of Immigrant Muslims in the United States”. ourno of Leisure Research, 38.
53. Troped, P. J and et al. (2003).“Correlates of Recreational and Transportation Physical Activity Among Adults in a New England Community”, Preventive Medicine, 37.
54. Troped PJ, RP. Saunders, RR. Pate, B. Reininger, JR. Ureda and SJ, Thompson (2001).“Associations Between Self-reported and Objective Physical Environment Factors and Use of a Community Rail-trail”, Prev Med, 32.
55. SG. Trost, N. Owen, AE. Bauman, JF. Sallis and W. Borwn (2002). “Correlates of Adults’ Participation in Physical Activity: Review and Update”, Med Sci Sports Exerc., 34.
56. Trost SG, RR. Rosenkranz, and D. Dzewaltowski (2008).“Physical Activity Levels Among Children Attending After-school Programs”, Med Sci Sports Exerc.40 (4).
57. US Department of Health and Human Services (2008). “Healthy People 2010: Physical Activity and Fitness”. Available at: http://healthypeople.gov/ Document/HTML/ Volume2/22 Physical.htm.
58. Walseth, K., and K. Fasting (2003).” Islam’s View on Physical Activity and Sport: Egyptian Women Interpreting Islam”, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 38(1).
59. Vatten, L. J., T.I Nilsen and J. Holmen (2006).“Combined Effects of Blood Pressure and Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Mortality”, Journal of Hypertension, 24.
60. Vaughn, S. (2009). “Factors Influencing the Participation of Middle-aged and Older Latin-American Women in Physical Activity: a Stroke-prevention Behavior”, Rehabil Nurs, 34.
61. World Health Organization (2003). “Health and Development Through Physical Activity and Aport”, WHO/NHM/NPH/PAH/O3.2 Geneva: WHO Document Production Services.

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار