راهبرد مسئولیت محض دولت‌؛ روش مناسب جبران خسارات فرامرزی ناشی از کووید-19

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانش‌آموخته دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه تهران؛

چکیده

جهان پس از کرونا (کووید-19) با پرسشی اساسی رو‌به‌رو است: آیا دولتی بابت جبران خسارات این بیماری که همه مرزها را در‌نوردیده است، مسئولیت دارد یا خیر. پاسخ‌های مختلفی برای این پرسش مطرح می‌شود اما از‌آنجاکه علت حتمی این بیماری مشخص نشده است، نمی‌توان با قطعیت جانب پاسخی را گرفت. با‌‌این‌حال ارزیابی‌های اولیه نشان می‌دهد که منشأ اصلی شیوع این بیماری به فعالیت‌هایی مربوط می‌شود که در حقوق بین‌الملل در قالب «فعالیت‌های منع ‌نشده» قرار می‌گیرند. این وضعیت سبب می‌شود تا مطلوب‌ترین گزینه برای مطالبه جبران خسارات فرامرزی ناشی از کووید-19، گرایش به سوی راهبرد جبران خسارات ناشی از فعالیت‌های منع ‌نشده باشد. مزیت مهم استناد به این مفهوم، آن است که برای درخواست جبران خسارت نیاز به اثبات هیچ‌گونه تخلف بین‌المللی علیه دولت مسئول نیست. در حال حاضر راهبرد حاکم بر نظام جبران خسارت ناشی از فعالیت‌های منع ‌نشده، بر مسئولیت اولیه و اصلی متصدی فعالیت و مسئولیت ثانوی و غایی دولت مربوطه (دولت منشأ) متمرکز است. مقاله حاضر ضمن بررسی این راهبرد، نتیجه‌ می‌گیرد که درباره جبران خسارات فعالیت‌های منع ‌نشده‌ فوق‌العاده خطرناک که به خساراتی همچون کووید-19 منجر می‌شوند، لازم است به سمت راهبرد مسئولیت محض دولت تغییر جهت داده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The States’ Strict Liability Strategy: The Appropriate Way to Compensate Transnational Damages Caused by Covid-19

نویسنده [English]

  • Siamak Karimi
PhD student in International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Tehran;
چکیده [English]

The world is faced with a fundamental question after the spread of the Corona Virus (Covid-19) and that is, whether any state or government is responsible for offering compensation for the damages caused by this pandemic. There are various answers to this question, but since the exact cause of this disease has not yet been determined, it is not possible to give a definite answer. However, preliminary assessments show, the main cause of the outbreak is related to activities that fall under the category of "non-prohibited activities" in international law. This situation makes the tendency towards the concept of compensation for damages caused by not prohibited activities, the most desirable option in claiming compensation for transnational damages caused by Covid-19. The advantage of recourse to this concept is, there is no need to prove any international wrongdoing against the responsible state in order to claim damages. At present, the strategy governing the compensation regime of damages arising from not prohibited activities is based on the primary and original liability of the operator and the secondary and residual liability of state of origin. However, this article, while examining this strategy, concludes that in order to compensate ultra-hazardous not prohibited activities that lead to damages such as Covid-19, it is necessary to switch to the States’ Strict Liability Strategy.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • State’s Strict Liability Strategy
  • Covid-19
  • Not-prohibited Activities
  • Operator
  • Transboundary Damage

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