اعمال حق شرط‌های موجود در کنوانسیون سازش‌نامه‌های ‌بین‌المللی: تحلیل و نقد رویکرد ایران و پیشنهاد سیاست ترجیحی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران (نویسنده مسئول)؛

2 دانش آموخته دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق علوم و سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران؛

چکیده

میانجیگری یا سازش، به عنوان یکی از قدیمی‌ترین و مهمترین راه‌های حل‌و‌فصل اختلافات، به دلیل فقدان حمایت اجرایی از سازش‌نامه به عنوان نتیجه روش حل اختلاف مذکور، نسبت به داوری و دادرسی، همیشه از اقبال کمتری برخوردار بوده است. سازمان ملل متحد با تصویب کنوانسیون راجع به سازش‌نامه‌های بین‌المللی حاصل از میانجیگری تلاش کرد که با رفع نقیصه فوق، گام مهمی را جهت ترویج این روش حل اختلاف بردارد. در کنوانسیون مذکور، دو حق شرط برای اعضا شناسایی شده است که در صورت اعمال آن، کنوانسیون برای اجرای سازش‌نامه‌های دولتی قابل استفاده نیست و اجرای کنوانسیون منوط به توافق‌ طرفین دعوا می‌‌شود. ایران به عنوان یکی از امضاکنندگان کنوانسیون سازش، علاوه‌بر استفاده از دو حق شرط مصرح در معاهده مذکور، در زمان امضا، در جهت اعمال حق شرط‌های دیگر نیز تلاش کرده است. برای بررسی موضوعات فوق در مقاله حاضر‌ از روش تحقیق بنیادی، توصیفی و تحلیلی استفاده شده است. در نهایت نویسندگان مقاله به این نتیجه رسیدند که از لحاظ حقوقی حق شرط‌های کنوانسیون سازش چندان منطقی به نظر نمی‌رسند و به‌طور قطع تا حدی از میزان تأثیر این معاهده خواهند کاست؛ اما در مقابل با توجه به ضرورت بیشتر تصویب کنوانسیون حاضر و اجماع کشورها، به نظر می‌رسد ذکر این حق شرط‌ها دارای مصلحت است. در این مقاله به قانونگذار ایرانی پیشنهاد شده است در زمان الحاق به کنوانسیون سازش، ضمن حذف کامل حق شرط‌های اعمالی در اعلامیه ایران، هیچ‌یک از حق شرط‌های مذکور در کنوانسیون را اعمال نکند زیرا با توجه به مقررات کنوانسیون، در هر زمانی امکان اعمال حق شرط‌ها وجود دارد و ایران می‌تواند بعداً با بررسی شرایط اعمال کنوانسیون از حق شرط‌ها استفاده کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Exercising Reservations in Convention on International Settlement Agreements

نویسندگان [English]

  • Reza Maboudi Neishabouri 1
  • SeyedAlireza Rezaee 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran (corresponding author);
2 Graduated with a PhD in Private Law, Faculty of Political Science and Law, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;
چکیده [English]

As one of the oldest and most important dispute resolution methods, mediation or agreement has always been less successful than arbitration due to the lack of executive support for settlement agreements. By approving the Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation, the United Nations sought to take an important step in promoting this dispute resolution method by eliminating the above-mentioned shortcoming. The convention recognizes two reservations for members; if they are applied, the convention cannot be used for implementing governmental settlement agreements, and implementing the convention depends on the agreement of the parties. Iran, as a signatory to the settlement agreement convention, in addition to exercising the two reservations in the settlement agreement, has also sought to enforce other reservations at the time of signing. A basic, descriptive, and analytical research method was used to examine the above issues, focusing on the legal analysis of the reservations in the Convention on International Settlement Agreements and Iran’s approach to the application of the reservations in the Convention on International Settlement Agreements. Finally, the present study concludes that from a legal point of view, the reservations in the convention do not seem very reasonable and will certainly reduce the effectiveness of the settlement agreement to some extent. However, given the greater need for ratification of the convention and the consensus of countries, it seems expedient to mention these reservations. In this paper, the Iranian legislature is advised not to exercise any of the reservations of the settlement agreement convention at the time of accession and completely remove the optional reservations mentioned in the Iran declaration. According to the convention’s provisions, it is possible to exercise the reservations at any time, and Iran can use reservations later after examining the application reservations of the convention.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Mediation
  • Governmental Settlement Agreements
  • Condition of Agreement
  • New York Convention
  • Executive Support of Settlement Agreement
  • Singapore Convention
  1. داراب‌پور، مهراب و الهام انیسی (1399). «سازشی کارآمدتر از فیصله دعاوی در هیئت‌های حل اختلاف قراردادهای مرتبط با پروژه‌های نفت و گاز»، مطالعات حقوق انرژی، دوره 6، ش 1.
  2. شیروی، عبدالحسین و محمدجواد کاظمی (1398). «تحلیل اقتصادی مذاکره در حل‌و‌فصل اختلافات تجاری»، فصلنامه علمی مجلس و راهبرد، دوره 26، ش 99.
  3. معبودی، رضا و سیدعلیرضا رضایی (1399). «رویکرد کنوانسیون سازش 2019 و نظام حقوقی ایران در مورد چالش‌های سازش‌نامه‌های حاصل از میانجیگری تجاری بین‌المللی»، پژوهش‌های حقوق تطبیقی، ش 2.
  4. Abramson, Hal (2019). "New Singapore Convention on Cross-Border Mediated Settlements", Mediation in International Commercial and Investment Disputes, Catharine, Titi and Katia Fach-Gomez, London, Oxford University Press, First Edition.
  5. Apter, Itai and Coral Henig Muchnik (2019). "Reservations in the Singapore Convention - Helping to Make the New York Dream Come True", Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 20, No. 4.
  6. Chahine, Joséphine, Ettore Lombardi, David Lutran and Catherine Peulvé (2020). "The Acceleration of the Development of International Business Mediation after the Singapore Convention", Wolters Kluwer Wolters Law International, Vol. 4.
  7. Chong, Shou and Felix Steffek (2019). "Enforcement of International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation Under the Singapore Convention Private International Law Issues in Perspective", Singapore Academy of Law Journal, Vol. 31.
  8. Chua, Eunice (2019). "The Singapore Convention on Mediation – A Brighter Future for Asian Dispute Resolution", Asian Journal of International Law, Research Collection School of Law, Available at: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sol_research/2869, Last Accessed at 2020/11/01.
  9. Claxton, James M. (2020)."The Singapore Convention for Mediation: from Promotion to Workable Standards by Way of New York", Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3612380, Last Accessed at 2020/11/01.
  10. Herisi, Ahdieh Alipour and Wendy Trachte-Huber (2019). "Aftermath of the Singapore Convention: A Comparative Analysis between the Singapore Convention and the New York Convention", American Journal of Mediation, Vol. 12.
  11. Lo, Chang-fa and Winnie Jo-Mei (2014). "Draft Convention on Cross-Border Enforcement of International Mediated Settlement Agreements", Contemporary Asia Arbitration Journal, Vol. 7.
  12. Mccormick, Khory and Sharon Ong (2019). "Through the Looking Glass: An Insiders Perspective in to the Making of the Singapore Convention on Mediation", Singapore Academy of Law Journal, Vol. 31.
  13. Morris-Sharma,Natalie (2019). "Constructing the Convention on Mediation the Chairperson’s Perspective", Singapore Academy of Law Journal, Vol. 31.
  14. Nwoye, Ikemefuna Stephen (2019). "A Review of the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation", Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3434885, Last Accessed at 2020/11/01.
  15. Rooney, Kim (2019). "Turning the Rivalrous Relations between Arbitration and Mediation in to Cooperative or Convergent Modes of a Dispute Settlement Mechanism for Commercial Disputes in East Asia", Contemporary Asia Arbitration Journal, Vol. 12.
  16. Rosner, Norel (2019), "The Singapore Convention: Reflections on Articles 1.3 on Scope, 8.1(b) on Reservations and 12 on Regional Economic Integration Organizations.", Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 20, No. 4.
  17. Schnabel, Timothy (2019)(A). "The Singapore Convention on Mediation: Framework for the Cross-border Recognition and Enforcement of Mediated Settlements", Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, Vol. 19.
  18. --- (2019)(B). "Implementation of the Singapore Convention: Federalism, Self-Execution, and Private Law Treaties", Available At: Https://Ssrn.Com/Abstract=3320823.
  19. Silvestri, Elisabetta (2019)."The Singapore Convention on Mediated Settlement Agreements: A New String to the Bow of International Mediation?", Access to Justice in Eastern Europe Journal, Vol. 4.
  20. Sim, Christine. (2019). "Conciliation of Investor–state Disputes,Arb-con-arb, and The Singapore Convention", Singapore Academy of Law Journal, Vol. 31.
  21. Stipanowich, Thomas and Véronique Fraser (2017). "The International Task Force on Mixed Mode Dispute Resolution: Exploring the Interplay between Mediation, Evaluation and Arbitration in Commercial Cases", Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 40.
  22. Sussman, Edna (2018). "The Singapore Convention Promoting the Enforcement and Recognition of International Mediated Settlement Agreements", Icc Dispute Resolution Bulletin, Vol. 3.
  23. Titi, Catharine and Katia Fach Gomez (2019). Mediation in International Commercial and Investment Disputes, London, Oxford University Press, First Edition.
  24. Uncitral (2016). "Working Group HI (Dispute Settlement)", 65th Session, Available at:https://uncitral.un.org/en/working_groups/2/arbitration, Last Accessed at 2020/11/01.
  25. Uncitral (2015). "Working Group HI (Arbitration and Conciliation)", 63rd Session, Available at:https://uncitral.un.org/en/working_groups/2/arbitration Last Accessed at 2020/11/01.
  26. Zeller, Bruno and Leon Trakman (2019). "Mediation and Arbitration: the Process of Enforcement", University of New South Wales Law Research Series Uniform Law Review, Vol. 1.