تبارشناسی راهبرد‌های تقنینی حوزه محیط‌ زیست، چالشها و مصادیق

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

2 استاد دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

تضمین التزام همگانی به مقر یکی از اهدافی است که حکومت‌ها در پی دستیابی به آن هستند. از‌این‌رو دستگاه‌های اجرایی، تقنینی و قضایی برای تحقق این هدف هر‌یک وظیفه را متحمل می‌شوند. التزام همگانی به مقررات، اتخاذ رویکرد مناسب و جامع نیاز دارد که با عنایت به هزینه‌بر بودن اجرای مقررات محیط زیستی، تخلف از آنها شایع است. بخشی از این مشکل ریشه در نوع مقرراتی دارد که وضع می‌شوند. قواعد محیط زیستی به‌دلیل مطلوبیت اجتماعی و حمایت از حیات بشری و محیط زیست ضروری است، اما اینکه کدام رویکرد می‌تواند وافی به مقصود باشد مسئله‌ای است که سؤل اصلی این مقاله است. فعالان اقتصادی برای کاهش هزینه‌های خود تلاش می‌کنند تا به‌انحای مختلف، مقررات محیط زیستی را نقض کنند. آنها با این کار منافع خود را تأمین کرده و هزینه‌های اجتماعی ایجاد می‌کنند که رویکردهای مختلف تقنینی به دنبال کاهش آن هستند. هدف این مقاله تبیین این رویکردهاست تا مشخص شود آیا این فرضیه که رویکرد سنتی «وضع قاعده و کنترل» نمی‌تواند وضعیت پایدار و التزام همگانی را فراهم آورد صحیح است یا خیر. روش تحلیل رویکردهای تقنینی در حوزه محیط زیست موضوع ارزیابی این مقاله توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است که از استقرای هر‌کدام از رویکردها با اشاره به مصادیق خاص ملی و بین‌المللی، حاصل شده است. به‌طور خلاصه نتیجه حاصله این است که رویکرد مشوق‌محور منوط به موضوعی که قرار است به نظم در‌آید، لازم و ضروری است و می‌تواند رویکرد سنتی را تکمیل کند و موجب مؤثر بودن، به‌صرفه شدن و کارآمدی مقررات شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Ethnology of Legislative Approaches to Environmental Protection: Challenges and Instances

نویسندگان [English]

  • sadegh jafarzadeh darabi 1
  • ebrahim beigzadeh 2
1 researcher of research center of parliament
2
چکیده [English]

Securing comprehensive compliance to regulations is one of the purposes that all governments are seeking. For this reason, all legislative, executive and judicial systems make all their efforts to achieve this objective. Therefore, each of them will fulfill a part of this task. Some part of this process refers to the basic issues of the existence or absence of a rule that means whether it is derived from social realities as well as the public needs. Also, whether it conforms to the basic values of the society. But adopting an appropriate approach or policies is considered as another prerequisite to ensure comprehensive compliance. When the necessity of a rule is compromised, the second issue which will be raised is the crystalization. Thus, it is common to violate environmental provisions which are so expensive. Some of these problems rooted in the kind of rules which are enacted. Althogh social desirability of Environmental rules as well as their supports from the society, human life and the environment made them (these rules) to be more important, which approaches can be more fruitful to achieve the objective is the major issue to be addressed in the paper. Firms attempt to violate environmental regulations in various ways in order to reduce their costs. By doing so, they can make they own benefits. This will result in social expenses; then different legislative approaches are aimed to reduce such types of costs. The main objective of this paper is to explain these approaches as well as investigate whether traditional approach of "command and control" can establish a sustainable status for comprehensive compliance or not. In summary, “incentive based” approach should be proposed as a complementary role of traditional approach for the regulatory efficiency legislation or, in other words, the enactment of more efficient laws and regulations.  

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • command and control approach
  • incentive based approach
  • environment
  • economic incentives

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